고정 헤더 영역
상세 컨텐츠
본문
STEP1. 들으면서 메모해보기
STEP2. 영어자막 켜놓고 내용 해석해보기
STEP3. 영어자막 보면서 정확하게 단어 익히고 싶은단어, 문장 표시하기/문단 나누기(중심문장)
서론 : Standarlized tests has been a tool to determine various academic proficiency for a long time.
The first standardized tests that we know of were administered in China over 2,000 years ago during the Han dynasty.
Chinese officials used them to determine aptitude for various government posts.
The subject matter included philosophy, farming, and even military tactics.
Standardized tests continued to be used around the world for the next two millennia, and today, they're used for everything from evaluating stair climbs for firefighters in France to language examinations for diplomats in Canada to students in schools.
본론1 : Standarlized tests measure score in relation to the results of other test takers or how well test takers meet predtermied criteria. The results can be expressed bell curve and also each test taker has a percentile that shows their grades compared with other test takers.
Some standardized tests measure scores only in relation to the results of other test takers.
Others measure performances on how well test takers meet predetermined criteria.
So the stair climb for the firefighter could be measured by comparing the time of the climb to that of all other firefighters.
This might be expressed in what many call a bell curve.
Or it could be evaluated with reference to set criteria, such as carrying a certain amount of weight a certain distance up a certain number of stairs.
Similarly, the diplomat might be measured against other test-taking diplomats, or against a set of fixed criteria, which demonstrate different levels of language proficiency.
And all of these results can be expressed using something called a percentile.
If a diplomat is in the 70th percentile, 70% of test takers scored below her.
If she scored in the 30th percentile, 70% of test takers scored above her.
본론 2 : Problem of Standardized Tests - It could be measuring wrong things and even it has a hard time measuring abstract characteristics such as creativity, critical thinking, and collabortaion.
Although standardized tests are sometimes controversial, they're simply a tool.
As a thought experiment, think of a standardized test as a ruler.
A ruler's usefulness depends on two things.
First, the job we ask it to do.
Our ruler can't measure the temperature outside or how loud someone is singing.
Second, the ruler's usefulness depends on its design.
Say you need to measure the circumference of an orange.
Our ruler measures length, which is the right quantity, but it hasn't been designed with the flexibility required for the task at hand.
So, if standardized tests are given the wrong job, or aren't designed properly, they may end up measuring the wrong things.
In the case of schools, students with test anxiety may have trouble performing their best on a standardized test, not because they don't know the answers, but because they're feeling too nervous to share what they've learned.
Students with reading challenges may struggle with the wording of a math problem, so their test results may better reflect their literacy rather than numeracy skills.
And students who were confused by examples on tests that contain unfamiliar cultural references may do poorly, telling us more about the test taker's cultural familiarity than their academic learning.
In these cases, the tests may need to be designed differently.
Standardized tests can also have a hard time measuring abstract characteristics or skills, such as creativity, critical thinking, and collaboration.
If we design a test poorly, or ask it to do the wrong job, or a job it's not very good at, the results may not be reliable or valid.
본론3 : Critical ideas for understanding standarlized test : Reliability and validity.
Reliability and validity are two critical ideas for understanding standardized tests.
To understand the difference between them, we can use the metaphor of two broken thermometers.
An unreliable thermometer gives you a different reading each time you take your temperature, and the reliable but invalid thermometer is consistently ten degrees too hot.
Validity also depends on accurate interpretations of results.
If people say results of a test mean something they don't, that test may have a validity problem.
Just as we wouldn't expect a ruler to tell us how much an elephant weighs, or what it had for breakfast,
we can't expect standardized tests alone to reliably tell us how smart someone is, how diplomats will handle a tough situation, or how brave a firefighter might turn out to be.
결론 : Standardized tests usually can't tell us every single ability about people, so we have to interpret tests results appropriately.
So standardized tests may help us learn a little about a lot of people in a short time, but they usually can't tell us a lot about a single person.
Many social scientists worry about test scores resulting in sweeping and often negative changes for test takers, sometimes with long-term life consequences.
We can't blame the tests, though.
It's up to us to use the right tests for the right jobs, and to interpret results appropriately.
STEP4. SHADOWING 여러번 해보기
Standarlized tests have been a worldwide tool to determine one's various academic proficiency or certain skills for a very long time. The tests results show one's grades in relation to the othe test takers or how well test takers meet the predetermined criteria. We use it to pick out for certain jobs or positions to students. Although the tests are controversial but simply used as a tool. The usufulness of the tests depends on if it ask right things to do and how it designed. For example, let's think of a standardized test as a ruler. If we ask temperature or how loud the sounds, ruler has no use. If we wants know the orange's circumference ruler has no use neither. Those tests are no reliability and validity. And also it's hard to measure abstarct characteristics with standardized tests. There two critical ideas of standardized test : Reliability and validity. Reliability is that the how well tests measure the grades consistently under various conditions. Validity is how well tests measure right thing for the certain job. Standardized tests usually can't tell us every single ability about people, so we have to interpret tests results appropriately.
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